Low-voltage CMOS devices

One sector of the electronics market continues to demand faster and more powerful personal computers. Another demands a langer life from one battery charge in ease of portable computers: 2-3 hours is now a minimum. Such demands are not restricted to computers: they apply equally to portable radio receivers, radio telephones and instrumentation equipment. At the same time, the warld needs a more efficient use of energy. These conflicting demands force designers of electronic components to bring out ever faster, smaller and moreenergy-friendly devices. A logical consequence of this is that res are becoming smaller and smaller. This in turn means that their dissipation becomes a problem.