Various wireless technologies are available today for IoT applications. All major suppliers provide LoRaWAN or LTE-M/NB-IoT modules, and the user or the application decides which technology will be used.

When low power consumption, long range, small data volume, and broad independence from existing infrastructure are important, LoRaWAN offers certain advantages. However, a gateway to the Internet is required in order to reach a LoRaWAN network server (LNS).

Assuming coverage by a mobile network, LTE offers higher data throughput and mobility. Both LTE-M (Cat-M1) and NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) are cellular standards from the LTE family and were developed specifically for the Internet of Things. However, they differ in several key respects. LTE-M offers higher data rates, real-time communication, mobility, and roaming, and even voice transmission is possible. NB-IoT, on the other hand, has much lower energy consumption and, as a result, longer battery life, as well as high building...