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Analogue to digital converters can develop faults. Here's a self-testing method for the analogue input ports of the Arduino.
It's known that analogue to digital converters (ADC), such as those built in to microcontrollers, are or were sensitive to interference, and we should not assume they're reliable. We show how to test all the bits of a microcontroler's ADC by reading the voltage across a capacitor that's being charged and discharged via a resistor connected to a digital port.

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